Removal of Toxic Elements and Microbial Contaminants from Groundwater Using Low-Cost Treatment Options

Abstract Purpose of Review This paper reviews various low-cost treatment techniques such as adsorption, permeable reactive barrier, and biological for the simultaneous removal chemical microbial contaminants from groundwater discusses mechanisms different techniques. also challenges treatment, how to choose appropriate technique, cost analysis treatment. Recent Findings Various technologies have been used groundwater: physical, chemical, with success rates. In literature, adsorbents successfully synthesized environmentally friendly materials. Adsorption is considered an efficient technique both toxic elements pathogens by utilizing adsorbents. For example, nanostructures MgO a BET surface area up 171 m 2 /g obtained very high adsorption capacity 29,131 mg/g fluoride ions in water, while incorporation iron activated carbon has improved its 51.3 arsenic. Moreover, certain shown capability remove 99% rotavirus adenovirus groundwater. Summary Groundwater resources are contaminated metals pathogens. Therefore, water should be evaluated their efficiency contaminants. Determination most cost-effective not easy task requires understanding aspects present reuse options considered, technique.